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Preposition In, On and At


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Preposition In, On and At

We use :
  • at for a PRECISE TIME
  • in for MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS
  • on for DAYS and DATES
at
in
on
PRECISE TIME
MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS
DAYS and DATES
at 3 o'clock
in May
on Sunday
at 10.30am
in summer
on Tuesdays
at noon
in the summer
on 6 March
at dinnertime
in 1990
on 25 Dec. 2010
at bedtime
in the 1990s
on Christmas Day
at sunrise
in the next century
on Independence Day
at sunset
in the Ice Age
on my birthday
at the moment
in the past/future
on New Year's Eve
Look at these examples:
  • I have a meeting at 9am.
  • The shop closes at midnight.
  • Jane went home at lunchtime.
  • In England, it often snows in December.
  • Do you think we will go to Jupiter in the future?
  • There should be a lot of progress in the next century.
  • Do you work on Mondays?
  • Her birthday is on 20 November.
  • Where will you be on New Year's Day?
Notice the use of the preposition of time at in the following standard expressions:
Expression
Example
at night
The stars shine at night.
at the weekend
I don't usually work at the weekend.
at Christmas/Easter
I stay with my family at Christmas.
at the same time
We finished the test at the same time.
at present
He's not home at present. Try later.
Notice the use of the prepositions of time in and on in these common expressions:
in
on
in the morning
on Tuesday morning
in the mornings
on Saturday mornings
in the afternoon(s)
on Sunday afternoons
in the evening(s)
on Monday evening
When we say last, next, every, this we do not also use at, in, on.
  • I went to London last June. (not in last June)
  • He's coming back next Tuesday. (not on next Tuesday)
  • I go home every Easter. (not at every Easter)
  • We'll call you this evening. (not in this evening)

Preposition of Place : at, in, on

In general, we use :
  • at for a POINT
  • in for an ENCLOSED SPACE
  • on for a SURFACE
at
in
on
POINT
ENCLOSED SPACE
SURFACE
at the corner
in the garden
on the wall
at the bus stop
in London
on the ceiling
at the door
in France
on the door
at the top of the page
in a box
on the cover
at the end of the road
in my pocket
on the floor
at the entrance
in my wallet
on the carpet
at the crossroads
in a building
on the menu
at the front desk
in a car
on a page
Look at these examples:
  • Jane is waiting for you at the bus stop.
  • The shop is at the end of the street.
  • My plane stopped at Dubai and Hanoi and arrived in Bangkok two hours late.
  • When will you arrive at the office?
  • Do you work in an office?
  • I have a meeting in New York.
  • Do you live in Japan?
  • Jupiter is in the Solar System.
  • The author's name is on the cover of the book.
  • There are no prices on this menu.
  • You are standing on my foot.
  • There was a "no smoking" sign on the wall.
  • I live on the 7th floor at 21 Oxford Street in London.
Notice the use of the prepositions of place at, in and on in these standard expressions:
at
in
on
at home
in a car
on a bus
at work
in a taxi
on a train
at school
in a helicopter
on a plane
at university
in a boat
on a ship
at college
in a lift (elevator)
on a bicycle, on a motorbike
at the top
in the newspaper
on a horse, on an elephant
at the bottom
in the sky
on the radio, on television
at the side
in a row
on the left, on the right
at reception
in Oxford Street
on the way

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VOCABULARY AROUND THE HOUSE


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Rooms in a House
• balcony
• bathroom
• bedroom
• dining room
• garage
• hall
• kitchen
• laundry
• living room

Things in a Bedroom
• alarm
• bed
• bedside table
• clock
• drawers
• dressing table
• lamp
• wardrobe, closet

Things in a Bathroom
• basin, sink
• bath
• mirror
• shower
• taps
• toilet
• towel rack

Things in a Kitchen
• bench
• cupboard
• dishwasher
• microwave
• oven, cooker
• pantry
• refrigerator, fridge
• sink
• stove, cooktop
• taps

Things in a Living Room
• arm chair
• bookcase
• chairs
• coffee table
• fan
• foot rest
• heater
• lounge, sofa, couch
• magazine rack
• recliner
• sound system
• table
• telephone, phone
• television stand
• television, TV

Things in a Dining Room
• chairs
• dining table

Things in a Study
• chair
• computer
• desk
• filing cabinet
• shelf

Things in a Laundry
• clothes maiden, drying rack
• dryer
• iron
• ironing board
• laundry basket
• pegs
• sink
• washing machine
• washing powder

Furniture
• armchair
• bed
• bookcase
• cabinet
• chair
• chest
• coffee table
• cupboard
• desk
• dining table
• drawers
• dressing table
• foot stool, foot rest
• lamp
• lounge, sofa, couch
• office chair
• sideboard, buffet
• stool
• TV stand
• wardrobe

Bills and Utilities
• council charges
• electricity
• gas
• insurance
• rent
• telephone
• water























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PASSIVE VOICE


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  Passive Voice is very popular use, both in everyday conversations and in reading books. In the Indonesian language sentence is known as a verb beginning with di-(written, given, scolded, etc.). In the active sentence we may say so:

The teacher warned Nitha for being late. -> Teachers warned Nitha for being late.

But if we want to express this sentence in the passive voice, we will say:

Nitha was warned by the teacher for being late. -> Nitha warned by the teacher for being late.


The rules for forming the passive voice,

(1) The sentence should have Object (Transitive Verb).

(2) Object in the active sentence becomes the subject in passive sentences.

(3) said his work should form the III (Past Participle) preceded by a to be (am, is, are, was, were the resource persons, been). And

(4) The structure of the sentence by tenses.

A. Simple Past Tense
Struktur —> Subject + was/were + Past Participle

Example :
(A) Fire destroyed the house. —> (P) The house was destroyed by fire.

B. Simple Present Tense
Stuktur —> Subject + am/is/are + Past Participle

Example :
(A) People all over the world speak English. —> (P) English is spoken all over the world.

C. Present Perfect Tense
Struktur —> Subject + have/has been + Past Participle

Example :
(A) The students have copied the lesson. —> (P) The lesson has been copied by the students.

D. Present Continuous Tense
Struktur —> Subject + am/is/are + being + Past Participle

Example :
(A) She is typing the letter. —> (P) The letter is being typed.

E. Simple Future Tense
Struktur —> Subject + shall/will be + Past Participle

Example :
(A) They will sign the contract next week. —> (P) The contract will be signed next week.

F. Passive Voice with Auxiliaries
Struktur —> Subject + aux + be + Past Participle

Example :
(A) He must finish the work today. —> (P) The work must be finished today.

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Asking if Someone Remembers or Not


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  1.  Formal expressions:
            - I wonder if you remember.....
            - You remember...., don’t you?
            - You haven’t forgotten...., have you?
            - Don’t you remember.....?
            - Do you happen to remember it now?
  •   Ways to respond:
          - Let me think, yes, I remember.
          - I remember especially the scenery.
          - I’ll never forget that
          - I’ll always remember.
          - I can remember it clearly.

     2.   Informal expressions:
           - Remember the old house we used to live in?
           - Remember that?
           - I’m sorry I don’t remember
  •  Ways to respond:
           - Hold on. Yes, got it!
           - I know.....
           - It’s coming back to me now.
  •  Respond if you forget:
           - Sorry, I’ve completely forgotten.
           - I’m afraid I forget.
           - I really can’t remember.
           - I’m afraid I have no memory of him
           - Emmm, let me think. No, it’s gone.
           - Sorry, it slipped off my mind.

Example :
       It was Sunday morning, Tia got dressed and had breakfast quickly. She was ready to leave for school. Her mother was a little puzzled.
Mother : Hey...hey.... are you going to school?
Tia        : Yes, Mom. I overslept. I’m in a hurry
Mother  : You remember Sunday, don’t you?
Tia         : Oh, my goodness. I thought it’s a school day !

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OFFERING


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Definition of Offering :

1. The act of making an offer.
2. Something, such as stock, that is offered.
3. A presentation made to a deity as an act of religious worship or sacrifice; an oblation.
4. A contribution or gift, especially one made at a religious service.


Offering to older people:
  • Would you like a cup of coffee, Mr. Green?
  • Should I get you a bottle of water?
  • Could I offer you a glass of lemonade, Mrs. Lina?
  • Would you care for some salad ?
Offering to friends:
  • Want some?
  • Have some.
  • Chocolate?
  • Glass of lemonade?
  • Grab some for yourself.
  • Would you like to have a pancake?
  • Why don’t you have some lemonade?
  • What can I get for you?
  • What will you have?

Accepting an offer:
  • Thank you
  • Yes, please
  • I’d like it very much
  • Thank you, I would
  • That would be very nice

Declining an offer:
  • No, thanks.
  • No, I really won’t. Thank you.
  • Not for me, thanks.
  • No, thanks. I’m not hungry.

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Simple Future


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Simple Future has two different forms in English: " will " and "be going to". Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two very different meanings. These different meanings might seem too abstract at first, but with time and practice, the differences will become clear. Both "will" and "be going to" refer to a specific time in the future.


FORM Will  ==>   [will + verb]
Examples:
  • You will help him later.
  • Will you help him later?
  • You will not help him later.
FORM Be Going To ==> [am/is/are + going to + verb]
Examples:
  • You are going to meet Jane tonight.
  • Are you going to meet Jane tonight?
  • You are not going to meet Jane tonight. 
Complete List of Simple Future Forms
USE 1 "Will" to Express a Voluntary Action
     "Will" often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily. A voluntary action is one the speaker offers to do for someone else. Often, we use "will" to respond to someone Else's complaint or request for help. We also use "will" when we request that someone help us or volunteer to do something for us. Similarly, we use "will not" or "won't" when we refuse to voluntarily do something.
Examples:
  • I will send you the information when I get it.
  • I will translate the email, so Mr. Smith can read it.
  • Will you help me move this heavy table?
  • Will you make dinner?
  • I will not do your homework for you.
  • I won't do all the housework myself!
  • Soraya : I'm really hungry.
    Cinthya : I'll make some sandwiches.
  • Mizta : I'm so tired. I'm about to fall asleep.
    Laurent : I'll get you some coffee.
  • Keisha : The phone is ringing.
    Ridho: I'll get it.
USE 2 "Will" to Express a Promise
  "Will" is usually used in promises.
Examples:
  • I will call you when I arrive.
  • If I am elected President of the United States, I will make sure everyone has access to inexpensive health insurance.
  • I promise I will not tell him about the surprise party.
  • Don't worry, I'll be careful.
  • I won't tell anyone your secret.
USE 3 "Be going to" to Express a Plan
     "Be going to" expresses that something is a plan. It expresses the idea that a person intends to do something in the future. It does not matter whether the plan is realistic or not.
Examples:
  • He is going to spend his vacation in Hawaii.
  • She is not going to spend her vacation in Hawaii.
  • A: When are we going to meet each other tonight?
    B: We are going to meet at 6 PM.
  • I'm going to be an actor when I grow up.
  • Michelle is going to begin medical school next year.
  • They are going to drive all the way to Alaska.
  • Who are you going to invite to the party?
  • A: Who is going to make John's birthday cake?
    B: Sue is going to make John's birthday cake.
USE 4 "Will" or "Be Going to" to Express a Prediction
      Both "will" and "be going to" can express the idea of a general prediction about the future. Predictions are guesses about what might happen in the future. In "prediction" sentences, the subject usually has little control over the future and therefore USES 1-3 do not apply. In the following examples, there is no difference in meaning.
Examples:
  • The year 2222 will be a very interesting year.
  • The year 2222 is going to be a very interesting year.
  • John Smith will be the next President.
  • John Smith is going to be the next President.
  • The movie "Zenith" will win several Academy Awards.
  • The movie "Zenith" is going to win several Academy Awards.
Important :
   In the Simple Future, it is not always clear which USE the speaker has in mind. Often, there is more than one way to interpret a sentence's meaning.
No Future in Time Clauses
Like all future forms, the Simple Future cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Simple Future, Simple Present is used.
Examples:
  • When you will arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Not Correct
  • When you arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Correct
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
  • You will never help him.
  • Will you ever help him?
  • You are never going to meet Jane.
  • Are you ever going to meet Jane?
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
  • John will finish the work by 5:00 PM. Active
  • The work will be finished by 5:00 PM. Passive
  • Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner tonight. Active
  • A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight. Passive

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Noun Phrase


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noun is a word that names a person, animal, place, thing, idea, or concept, or anything considered as noun 

The Noun examples
•       Persons: girl, boy, instructor, student, Mr. Smith, Peter, president
•       Animals: dog, cat, shark, hamster, fish, bear, flea
•        Places: gym, store, school, Lake Minnetonka, Minnesota, village, Europe
•       Things: computer, pen, notebook, mailbox, bush, tree, cornflakes
•       Ideas: liberty, panic, attention, knowledge, compassion, worship
•       The Functions of Nouns in Sentences
•                       1.Subject of the sentence
               2.Predicate Noun (also Predicate Nominative or Subjective Complement)
•                       3. Appositive (noun in apposition)
•                       4. Direct object of a verb
•                       5. Indirect object of a verb
•                       6. Object of the preposition
•                       7. Object Complement (Objective Complement)

Gerunds can also be classified as noun
• For example:
•       I like swimming
•       The word ‘swimming’  is a gerund
•     
PHRASES
•       A  phrase is a group of related words that lacks both a subject and a predicate. Because it lacks a subject and a predicate it cannot act as a sentence.
•       A noun phrase consists of a pronoun or noun with any associated modifiers, including adjectives, adjective phrases, and other nouns in the possessive case.
•       Like a noun, a noun phrase can act as a subject, as the object of a verb or verbal, as a subject or object complement, or as the object of a preposition, as in the following ...
•       Small children often insist that they can do it by themselves.

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